Escenarios lácteos y microbiota intestinal en los primeros 1000 días / Milk scenarios and gut microbiota in the first 1000 days of life

La leche humana es el estándar de oro para la nutrición del bebé y debe iniciarse en la primera hora de vida. La leche de vaca, de otros mamíferos o las bebidas vegetales no se deben ofrecer antes del año de vida. Sin embargo, algunos niños requieren, al menos en parte, de fórmulas infantiles. Aun con las sucesivas mejoras a lo largo de la historia mediante la incorporación de oliogosacáridos, probióticos, prebióticos, sinbióticos y postbióticos, las fórmulas infantiles siguen siendo perfectibles para reducir la brecha de salud entre los bebés amamantados y aquellos alimentados con fórmula. En este sentido, se espera que la complejidad de las fórmulas siga aumentando a medida que se conozca mejor cómo modular el desarrollo de la microbiota intestinal. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una revisión no sistemática del efecto de los diferentes escenarios lácteos sobre la microbiota intestinal.

Human milk is the gold standard for infant nutrition, and breastfeeding should be started within the first hour of life. Cow's milk, other mammalian milk, or plant-based beverages should not be offered before 1 year of age. However, some infants require, at least in part, infant formulas. Even with subsequent enhancements throughout history, with the addition of oligosaccharides, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics, infant formulas still have room for improvement in reducing the health gap between breastfed and formula-fed infants. In this regard, the complexity of infant formulas is expected to continue to increase as the knowledge of how to modulate the development of the gut microbiota is better understood. The objective of this study was to perform a non-systematic review of the effect of different milk scenarios on the gut microbiota.

Fórmula artesanal a base de lactosuero: complemento alimenticio para niños preescolares / Artisanal whey-based formula: food supplement for preschool children

Resumen Se pretendió desarrollar una fórmula artesanal, a base de lactosuero, como complemento alimenticio para niños preescolares. Se realizó una investigación descriptiva ejecutada en tres fases: 1. Ensayos preliminares para la determinación del esquema tecnológico; 2. Evaluación fisicoquímica para la caracterización del producto y determinación de macronutrientes y 3. Evaluación sensorial donde se midió el nivel de agrado del producto final. Los datos obtenidos de los análisis se tabularon en cuatro repeticiones y se analizaron a través de estadísticas descriptivas de tendencia central y en frecuencias expresadas en tablas y gráficos mediante el programa estadístico SPSS versión 20.0. Se obtuvo que en el análisis proximal del requesón deshidratado, éste aportó por cada 100 gramos de producto: 480,28 kcal, 46,5% de proteínas, 22,36% de grasas y 23,26% de hidratos de carbono. La formulación final de la bebida constó de 2,9 g de requesón deshidratado, 3,6 g de arroz previamente cocido y 1,8 g de azúcar diluidos por cada onza preparada. Se determinó que es una fórmula hipocalórica-hiperproteica e isoosmolar, con una viscosidad de 275cP, un pH de 5,1 y con 0,291% de ácido láctico. La fórmula artesanal a base de lactosuero fue de agrado para 41 niños que participaron en el análisis sensorial. Se recomienda su uso en niños que se encuentren en condición de vulnerabilidad nutricional.

Abstract The main objective of this research was to develop an artisan formula based on whey as food supplement directed to preschool children. It was a descriptive study carried out in three phases: 1. Preliminary tests, for the determination of the technological scheme; 2. Physical-chemical evaluation, for the characterisation of the product and determination of nutrients and, 3. Sensory evaluation: the level of satisfaction of the final product measured. The data obtained from the analysis were tabulated in four repetitions and analysed through descriptive statistics of central tendency and in frequencies expressed in tables and graphs using the statistical program SPSS version 20.0. As a result, for each 100 grams of dehydrated cottage cheese this malnuprovides: 480.28 kcal, 46.5% protein; 22.36% fat and 23.26% carbohydrates. The final formulation of the drink consisted of 2.9 g of dehydrated cottage cheese, 3.6 g of previously cooked rice and 1.8 g of diluted sugar for each prepared ounce. It was determined as a hypocaloric-hyperproteic and isomolar formula, with a viscosity of 275cP, a pH of 5.1 and with 0.291% lactic acid. The artisan formula based on whey was liked by 41 children who participated in the sensory analysis. As a conclusion, it can be recommended as food supplement in children with nutritional vulnerability conditions.

Resumo O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi desenvolver uma fórmula artesanal à base de soro de leite como suplemento alimentar direcionado a crianças pré-escolares. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo em três fases: 1. Ensaios preliminares, para determinação do esquema tecnológico; 2. Avaliação físico-química, para caracterização do produto e determinação de macronutrientes e 3. Avaliação sensorial: mediu-se o grau de satisfação do produto final. Os dados obtidos das análises foram tabulados em quatro repetições e analisados por meio de estatísticas descritivas de tendência central e em frequências expressas em tabelas e gráficos utilizando o programa estatístico SPSS versão 20.0. Como resultado da análise proximal, para cada 100 gramas de requeijão desidratado fornece: 480,28 kcal, 46,5% de proteína; 22,36% de gordura e 23,26% de carboidratos. A formulação final da bebida consistiu em 2,9 g de requeijão desidratado, 3,6 g de arroz previamente cozido e 1,8 g de açúcar diluído para cada onça preparada. O resultado concluiu que é uma fórmula hipocalórica-hiperproteica e isoosmolar, com viscosidade de 275cP, pH de 5,1 e com 0,291% de ácido lático. A fórmula artesanal à base de soro de leite foi apreciada por 41 crianças que participaram da análise sensorial. É recomendado seu uso em crianças que se encontrem em condições de vulnerabilidade nutricional.

Suplementação com fórmula infantil em recém-nascidos nas maternidades brasileiras: análise a partir do estudo Nascer no Brasil / Infant formula supplementation for newborns in brazilian maternity hospitals: an analysis based on the Born in Brazil study

O Passo Seis da Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Criança compreende não dar a recém-nascidos nenhum outro alimento ou bebida além do leite materno, a não ser que haja uma indicação médica. Apesar das diretrizes que justificam o uso apropriado de fórmula infantil na internação pós-parto, é comum sua utilização sem que haja indicação. Tendo em vista a necessidade de reduzir o uso desnecessário de fórmula infantil no pós-parto, este estudo objetivou analisar fatores associados à suplementação com fórmula infantil em recém-nascidos clinicamente estáveis na maternidade. A pesquisa foi realizada a partir de dados amostrais do estudo "Nascer no Brasil", coorte nacional de base hospitalar, realizada entre fevereiro de 2011 e outubro de 2012. Foram selecionados os recém-nascidos encaminhados ao alojamento conjunto após o nascimento. Foram excluídos nascidos de mães com sorologia positiva para o Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana, near miss materno, nascidos com malformações congênitas e internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Foram excluídos bebês que utilizaram outros líquidos, pois as indicações de seu uso diferem das indicações de suplementação por fórmula infantil. A amostra final incluiu 14.531 puérperas e recém-nascidos. As variáveis foram selecionadas a partir de um modelo conceitual das variáveis distais, intermediárias e proximais associadas ao desfecho. Foi construído um modelo de regressão logística hierarquizado a partir das variáveis cuja associação com o desfecho apresentaram p-valor ≤ 0,20, com nível de significância de 5% para o modelo final. Foram categorizados os motivos relatados pelas puérperas para seu bebê ter recebido fórmula infantil para análise descritiva e exploratória, verificando-se as proporções através de tabelas de contingência. 21,2% dos recém-nascidos receberam fórmula infantil durante a internação. Fatores associados ao uso de fórmula infantil: idade materna ≥ 35 anos (OR=1,51; IC95%:1,30-1,75), pré-natal em serviço privado (OR=2,22; IC:1,72- 2,85) /serviço público e privado (OR=1,67; IC:1,24-2,23), parto cesáreo (OR=1,83; IC:1,41-2,38), gravidez múltipla (OR=3,786; IC:2,02-7,06), não amamentação na sala de parto (OR=1,780; IC:1,43-2,21), parto em hospital privado (OR=1,695; IC:1,02-2,79), prematuridade (OR= 1,656; IC:1,32-2,06), extremos de peso ao nascer (< 2,500 g: OR=2,084; IC: 1,585-2,741/ ≥4,000g: OR=1,672; IC:1,31-2,11), idade adolescente (OR= 0,651; IC:0,55-0,76), baixo nível de escolaridade materna (OR=0,579; IC:0,43-0,77), multiparidade (OR=0,588; IC:0,510-0,678). Metade do total de razões maternas para uso de fórmula correspondeu a "leite não havia descido/ pouco leite", motivo não aceitável como justificativa para fornecimento de suplemento. Apenas 5,6% corresponderam aos critérios para indicações ou possíveis indicações para a suplementação com fórmula. As razões maternas mais prevalentes são passíveis de intervenção pelos profissionais de saúde, como o aconselhamento e manejo clínico individualizado em amamentação. Dos fatores associados, destacam-se parto cesáreo e a não amamentação na sala de parto, mostrando que é necessário fortalecer políticas que estimulem as boas práticas na assistência ao parto e nascimento, a fim de promover o aleitamento materno exclusivo e proteger mães e recém-nascidos de todas as classes sociais contra o uso indevido de fórmula infantil.

The Step Six of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative involves not giving newborns any food or drink other than breast milk, unless there is a medical indication. Despite the guidelines that justify the appropriate use of infant formula in postpartum hospitalization, its use without indication is common. Considering the need to reduce the unnecessary use of infant formula in the postpartum period, this study aimed to analyze factors associated with infant formula supplementation in clinically stable newborns in the maternity ward. The research was carried out using sample data from the study "Born in Brazil", a national hospital-based cohort, carried out between February 2011 and October 2012. Newborns referred to rooming-in after birth were selected. Infants born to mothers with positive serology for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, maternal near miss, born with congenital malformations and hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit were excluded. Babies who used other liquids were excluded, as the indications for their use differ from the indications for supplementation with infant formula. The final sample included 14,531 postpartum women and newborns. The variables were selected from a conceptual model of distal, intermediate and proximal variables associated with the outcome. A hierarchical logistic regression model was constructed from the variables whose association with the outcome presented p-value ≤ 0.20, with a significance level of 5% for the final model. The reasons reported by the puerperal women for having received infant formula were categorized for descriptive and exploratory analysis, verifying the proportions through contingency tables. 21.2% of newborns received infant formula during hospitalization. Factors associated with the use of infant formula: maternal age ≥ 35 years (OR=1.51; 95%CI:1.30-1.75), prenatal care in a private service (OR=2.22; CI:1.72 - 2.85) / public and private service (OR=1.67; CI:1.24-2.23), cesarean delivery (OR=1.83; CI:1.41-2.38), multiple pregnancy (OR=3.786; CI:2.02-7.06), non-breastfeeding in the delivery room (OR=1.780; CI:1.43-2.21), delivery in a private hospital (OR=1.695; CI:1 .02-2.79), prematurity (OR= 1.656; CI: 1.32-2.06), extremes of birth weight (< 2.500 g: OR=2.084; CI: 1.585-2.741/ ≥4.000g: OR =1.672; CI:1.31-2.11), adolescent age (OR=0.651; CI:0.55-0.76), low maternal education (OR=0.579; CI:0.43-0.77) , multiparity (OR=0.588; IC:0.510-0.678). Half of the total maternal reasons for using formula corresponded to "there was not enough milk/low milk", a reason not acceptable as a justification for providing the supplement. Only 5.6% met the criteria for indications or possible indications for formula supplementation. The most prevalent maternal reasons are subject to intervention by health professionals, such as counseling and individualized clinical management of breastfeeding. Of the associated factors, cesarean delivery and non-breastfeeding in the delivery room stand out, showing that it is necessary to strengthen policies that encourage good practices in childbirth and birth care to promote exclusive breastfeeding and protect mothers and newborns of all social classes against the misuse of infant formula.

Investigation of the effect of breast milk, probiotic supplemented and plain milk formulas on some oral bacteria in infants: an observational and in-vitro study / Investigação do efeito do leite materno, fórmulas de leite puro e suplementado com probióticos sobre algumas bactérias orais em lactentes: um estudo observacional e in vitro

Objetivo: existem evidências inconclusivas sobre a potencial carogenicidade das fórmulas lácteas em comparação com o leite materno. O estudo teve como objetivo comparar a detecção e contagem de Streptococcus mutans(S. mutans) e lactobacilos da saliva entre lactentes alimentados com leite materno (B), com fórmulas de leite puro (France Lait-FL) e suplementada com probióticos (Nan 1 optipro-N), e avaliar crescimento in vitro dessas bactérias em amostras de leite materno e fórmulas lácteas. Material e Métodos: amostras salivares foram obtidas com swabs de algodão estéreis de 60 lactentes que foram agrupados de acordo com o tipo de leite. As amostras foram cultivadas para obter a frequência de detecção e contagens bacterianas. Para a investigação in vitro, sete amostras de leite materno doado e sete amostras recém-preparadas de ambas as fórmulas lácteas foram inoculadas por ambas as bactérias e então cultivadas para avaliar o crescimento bacteriano. Resultados:lactobacilos foram detectados em todos os lactentes, enquanto não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na detecção de S. mutans entre os grupos. As contagens de ambos os microrganismos na saliva foram menores em (B), enquanto uma diferença insignificante foi encontrada entre (B) e (N). Diferenças significativas foram evidentes nas contagens bacterianas in vitro sendo mais baixas em (B) seguido por (N) e (FL). Conclusão: o leite materno e as fórmulas lácteas com suplementos probióticos podem ter um papel protetor contra a cárie dentária em lactentes. (AU)

Objective: inconclusive evidence exists regarding potential cariogenicity of milk formulas compared to breast milk. The study aimed to compare Salivary Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and lactobacilli detection and counts among breastfed (B), plain formula (France Lait 1) (FL) and probiotic supplemented formula (Nan 1 optipro) (N) infants and to assess in-vitro growth of these bacteria in breast milk and milk formula samples. Material and Methods:salivary samples were obtained using sterile cotton swabs from 60 infants that were grouped according to nursing milk type. Samples were cultured to obtain the detection frequency and bacterial counts. For the in-vitro investigation, seven donated breast milk samples and seven freshly prepared samples of both milk formulas were inoculated by both bacteria and then cultured to assess bacterial growth. Results:lactobacilli were detected in all infants, while no significant differences were found in S. mutans detection among groups. Counts of both microorganisms in saliva were lowest in (B) while, insignificant difference was found between (B) and (N). Significant differences were evident in in-vitro bacterial counts being lowest in (B) followed by (N) and (FL). Conclusion: breast milk and probiotic supplement infants' milk formulas may have a protective role against dental caries in infants.(AU)

Effect of prophylactic use of hydrolyzed protein formula on gastrointestinal diseases and physical growth in preterm infants: a Meta analysis / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To systematically evaluate the effect of prophylactic use of hydrolyzed protein formula on gastrointestinal diseases and physical development in preterm infants.@*METHODS@#A computerized search was performed in the databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, Weipu, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to identify randomized controlled trials of the effect of prophylactic use of hydrolyzed protein formula on gastrointestinal diseases and physical growth in preterm infants. RevMan 5.3 software was used to perform a Meta analysis for the included studies.@*RESULTS@#A total of 7 randomized controlled studies were included. The results of Meta analysis showed that compared with the whole protein formula, the prophylactic use of hydrolyzed protein formula could reduce the risk of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (RR=0.40, P=0.04) and feeding intolerance (RR=0.40, P=0.005), and had no significant effect on the growth of weight, length and head circumference (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Compared with the whole protein formula, the prophylactic use of hydrolyzed protein formula in preterm infants may reduce the occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis and feeding intolerance, and can meet the nutrient requirement of physical development. However, the evidence is limited, and the results of this study cannot support the routine prophylactic use of hydrolyzed protein formula in preterm infants.

Sodium found in processed cow milk and estimated intake by infants

Abstract Objective: To determine the sodium concentration in cow milk available for sale and to estimate its consumption by infants up to 6 months of age. Methods: Sodium level was determined by flame emission spectrophotometry in eight different lots of five brands of liquid ultra-high temperature milk and three brands of powdered milk. To estimate sodium consumption via cow milk, orientations for exceptional situations when neither breastfeeding nor infant formula is possible were considered. Inferential statistics were performed and results were compared with critical parameters at a 5% significance level. Results: The mean sodium content per portion found in liquid milk (162.5 ± 16.2) mg/200 mL was higher than that in powdered milk (116.8 ± 3.0) mg/26 g. Estimated sodium consumption by infants through powdered milk varied from 149.8 to 224.7% of adequate intake, and via liquid milk can be more than 500% of the adequate intake, reaching 812.4% of it if dilution is not applied. Seven of the eight brands of milk studied had declared, on their labels, that the sodium content was 13-30% lower than that found in chemical analysis. Conclusion: Liquid and powdered whole cow milk have high sodium content, and the content per portion is higher in liquid milk than in powdered milk. The estimated consumption of sodium through these products can far exceed the adequate intake for infants from 0 to 6 months old, even when the recommended dilution and maximum daily volumes are followed.

Riesgos nutricionales en lactantes que no reciben lactancia materna exclusiva en los primeros seis meses de la vida / Nutritional risks among not exclusively breastfed infants in the first 6 months of life

La leche humana es el alimento ideal para los lactantes y sus beneficios se manifiestan en el corto y el largo plazo. En situaciones de crisis es cuando más se debe enfatizar en la lactancia materna, considerada una de las intervenciones más costo-efectivas para reducir la morbimortalidad infantil. Más allá de las múltiples ventajas que la leche humana tiene en relación con el vínculo madre-hijo y las capacidades biológicas e inmunológicas, lo más importante es que la leche materna cubre todas las necesidades nutricionales. Cuando la lactancia materna no es posible, la Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda, como primera opción, las fórmulas infantiles. La segunda opción es leche de vaca (LV) diluida, que conlleva riesgos de deficiencias nutricionales en el lactante que deben ser monitoreadas en forma estrecha y oportunamente subsanadas. Los principales riesgos de deficiencias en el lactante que recibe LV diluida son las de hierro, cinc, vitaminas A, D, C y E, aminoácidos y ácidos grasos esenciales

Breast milk is the ideal food for infants and its benefits can be observed in the short and long term. In crisis situations, breastfeeding should be promoted the most because it is one of the most cost-effective interventions aimed at reducing infant morbidity and mortality. In addition to the multiple advantages of breast milk in the mother-child bond and biological and immune properties, the most relevant characteristic of breast milk is that it covers all nutritional needs. When breastfeeding is not possible, the World Health Organization recommends infant formula as the first option. The second option is diluted cow's milk, which entails the risk for nutritional deficiency that should be strictly monitored and timely resolved. When infants are fed with diluted cow's milk, they are mainly at risk for iron, zinc, vitamin A, D, C, and E, amino acid, and essential fatty acid deficiency.

Velocidade de crescimento de crianças de uma coorte até o sexto mês de vida / Growth rate of children of a cohort up to the sixth month of life

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é investigar fatores que contribuíram na velocidade de crescimento de crianças até o sexto mês de vida. Coorte com 144 crianças observadas ao nascimento e no primeiro, segundo e sexto mês de vida. As velocidades de perímetro cefálico (cm/mês), peso (g/dia) e comprimento (cm/mês) foram comparadas segundo características ao nascimento, da gravidez, maternas, da família e relacionadas à alimentação, adoecimento e cuidados de saúde da criança. O sexo feminino e a dificuldade de amamentar contribuíram com a desaceleração das três velocidades de crescimento; a não vacinação materna contra o tétano, as velocidades de perímetro cefálico e comprimento. Transtorno mental materno grave, insegurança alimentar moderada/grave, consumo de mingau e o não acompanhamento da criança influenciaram as velocidades de perímetro cefálico e peso. Uso de bebida alcoólica durante a gravidez, parto cesariano, aleitamento materno misto/predominante, uso de fórmula infantil e episódios de diarreia/vômito influenciaram a velocidade de perímetro cefálico; pré-natal inadequado, ade peso; mães baixinhas e uso chupeta, a de comprimento. Sobressaem fatores modificáveis como o consumo de mingau e de fórmula infantil e o uso de chupeta que têm em comum a relação com o aleitamento materno do lactente.

Abstract The scope of this article is to investigate factors that contributed to the growth rate of children from birth through the sixth month of life. It involves a cohort study with 144 children observed at birth and in the first, second and sixth months of life. Child head circumference (cm/month), weight (g/day) and length (cm/month) rates were compared according to birth, pregnancy, maternal and family characteristics and those related to the food, illness and health care of the child. The female sex and difficulty in breastfeeding contributed to the deceleration of all three growth rates, while maternal non-vaccination against tetanus affected the increase of head circumference and of child length. Severe maternal mental disorder, moderate/severe food insecurity, oatmeal consumption and failure to follow-up the development of the child influenced the head circumference and weight rates. The intake of alcohol during pregnancy, cesarean delivery, mixed/predominant breastfeeding, use of infant formula and episodes of diarrhea/vomiting affected the head circumference, while inadequate prenatal care affected weight, and low-stature mothers and pacifier use affected length. Modifiable factors are highlighted, such as the consumption of oatmeal and infant formula, and the use of pacifiers, which are related to breastfeeding in infants.

Crecimiento en niños y en hijos de madres que adhieren a dietas vegetarianas: revisión de la literatura / Growth in children and in the offspring whose mothers adhere to vegetarian diets: Literature review

Introducción. La prevalencia del vegetarianismo aumenta a nivel mundial y no hay consenso acerca de si este tipo de alimentación es adecuado durante el período de crecimiento. Objetivo. Se realizó una revisión descriptiva de la literatura con el objetivo de conocer si los niños e hijos de madres que siguen dietas vegetarianas crecen de manera diferente a los niños con dietas omnívoras. Métodos. Se incluyen 25 artículos publicados entre los años 1995-2020, que describen el crecimiento prenatal, postnatal y desarrollo puberal en niños vegetarianos e hijos de madres vegetarianas. Conclusión. La escasez de estudios longitudinales y resultados en el largo plazo, la heterogeneidad en la clasificación y el registro de las dietas, además de deficiencias metodológicas, no permiten concluir que el crecimiento de estos niños sea diferente al de los niños que siguen dietas omnívoras. Se requieren estudios longitudinales en el largo plazo para contribuir a dirimir esta controversia

The prevalence of vegetarianism is rising worldwide and there is no consensus about whether it is adequate during the growth period. The objective of this descriptive review is to find out if vegetarian children and children born from mothers who follow vegetarian diets, grow different from those who follow omnivorous diets. Results. 25 articles published between 1995 and 2020 were included describing prenatal and postnatal growth and pubertal development in vegetarian children and children of vegetarian mothers. Conclusion. The scarcity of longitudinal studies and long-term results, the heterogeneity in the classification and registration of the diets, in addition to methodological deficiencies, do not allow to conclude that the growth of these children is different from children on omnivorous diets. Long-term longitudinal studies are required to help to solve this controversy

Prevalence on the complement in offering food to newborns / Prevalência da oferta de complemento alimentar para o recém-nascido

Abstract Objectives: to identify the prevalence and determining factors of the complements in offering food to newborns. Methods: across-sectional study nested to a cohort study that assessed newborn care in four public maternity hospitals in Natal/Brazil. Sample was composed by 415 mothers and full-term newborns, with appropriate weight for gestational age and Apgar scores in 1st and 5th minutes ≥ 7. In order to analyze the determining factors, we used Poisson's regression. Results: from 415 newborns, 51.3% received feeding complements (57.6% in the first hour of life), of which 92% was infant formula. Only 50.7% of those complement in offering food were prescribed by physicians. Colostrum deficiency was the main reason to be indicated (33.8%). Maternal age ≤ 20 years old (PR=0.64; CI95%=0.47-0.86) and between 2030 years old (PR=0.70; CI95%=0.57-0.87)comparing to women older than 30 were shown as protective factors, while being primiparous (PR=1.37; CI95%=1.11-1.60) and had cesarean section (PR=1.2; CI95%=1.00-1.45) as risk factors. Conclusion: maternal characteristics are associated with the complement in offering food to the newborn in the first hours of life. The high prevalence shows the need for interventions that minimize the inadequate offer of infant formula and promote exclusive breastfeeding before hospital discharge.

Resumo Objetivos: identificar a prevalência e os fatores determinantes da oferta do complemento alimentar para o recém-nascido. Métodos: estudo transversal, aninhado a um estudo de coorte que avaliou a assistência ao neonato em quatro maternidades públicas de Natal/Brasil. Amostra composta de 415 mães, e recém-nascidos à termo, com peso adequado para idade gestacional e Apgar no 1º e 5º minuto ≥ 7. Para analisar os fatores determinantes, foi utilizado a regressão de Poisson. Resultados: dos 415 recém-nascidos, 51,3% receberam complemento (57,6% na primeira hora de vida), dos quais 92% com fórmula infantil. Destes, apenas 50,7% foi prescrito pelo médico. A deficiência de colostro foi o principal motivo de indicação (33,8%). A idade materna ≤ 20 anos (RP=0,64; IC95%=0,47-0,86) e entre 20-30 anos (RP=0,70; IC95%=0,57-0,87, em comparação com mulheres acima de 30 anos, mostrou-se como fator de proteção, enquanto ser primípara (RP=1,37; IC95%=1,11-1,60) e o parto cesárea (RP=1,2; IC95%=1,00-1,45) como fatores de risco. Conclusão: as características maternas e assistenciais estão associadas à oferta de complemento alimentar ao recém-nascido nas primeiras horas de vida. A alta prevalência mostra a necessidade de intervenções que minimizem a oferta inadequada de fórmula infantil, e promovam o aleitamento materno exclusivo antes da alta hospitalar.

Raquitismo vinculado al uso de fórmulas elementales: Reporte de caso / Rickets associated to the use of elemental formula: A case report

El raquitismo afecta la diferenciación y mineralización del cartílago de crecimiento como consecuencia, en última instancia, de una alteración en los niveles de fósforo y/o calcio. El secundario a la deficiencia de vitamina D es la forma más frecuente (raquitismo carencial). Las manifestaciones clínicas durante los primeros años de vida suelen comprometer en forma más marcada las epífisis de los huesos.Se describe el caso de un lactante de 8 meses con diagnóstico de alergia a la proteína de la leche de vaca que presentó múltiples fracturas patológicas mientras se encontraba bajo tratamiento con fórmulas lácteas a base de aminoácidos. Se efectuó el diagnóstico de raquitismo hipofosfatémico por deficiencia de fósforo y, tras 3 meses de tratamiento con sales de fosfato, calcio, calcitriol, el abandono paulatino de la leche elemental y el descenso gradual de la medicación antiácida, el paciente evolucionó con curación clínico-radiológica del cuadro

The rickets is a disease that affects the differentiation and mineralization of the growth cartilage, as an ultimate consequence of a balance loss in calcium and phosphate levels. Vitamin D deficiency is the most common cause of the rickets (nutritional rickets). Its clinical manifestation during the first years of life involves long bones epiphysis in a more severe way.We report an 8-month-old infant who was diagnosed with cow ́s milk protein allergy and suffered from multiple fractures while receiving elemental formula as part of his treatment. The final etiology was hypophosphatemic rickets secondary to phosphate deficiency, and after 3 months of phosphate, calcium and calcitriol supplementation, in addition to the gradually reduction of the proportion of elemental formula intake and the decline of the antacid doses, clinical and radiological heal was achieved.

Breastfeeding versus free distribution of infant formulas by the Public Health System / Aleitamento materno versus distribuição gratuita de fórmulas infantis pelo Sistema Único de Saúde

ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize the situation of breastfeeding and the adequacy of prescription of infant formulas to infants assisted by a secondary care program of the Public Health System. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with analysis of medical records of 350 infants from zero to 6 months, followed up between February to April 2019. Results: The possibility of breastfeeding was present in 97.0% of mothers and no infant presented an acceptable medical condition for proscription of breastfeeding. Despite this, only 47.2% of cases were on exclusive breastfeeding before being referred to the program. Regarding the reasons for the introduction of infant formulas, complementation to breast milk was the most present (75.8%), followed by mothers returning to the job market (20.1%). The general rates of inadequacy of those prescribed were 65% before arriving at the program, increasing to 69% (standard formulas) and 80% (formulas for special purposes) during follow-up. Conclusion: The low rate of exclusive breastfeeding and the indiscriminate prescription of infant formulas are a concern for damage to maternal-child healthcare and sound finances of the Public Health System.

RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar a situação de aleitamento materno e da adequação de prescrição de fórmulas infantis a lactentes assistidos por um programa de Atenção Secundária do Sistema Único de Saúde. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal pela análise de prontuários de 350 lactentes de zero a 6 meses, acompanhados entre fevereiro a abril de 2019. Resultados: A possibilidade de aleitamento materno esteve presente em 97,0% das mães, e nenhum lactente apresentou condição médica aceitável para a proscrição do aleitamento materno. Apesar disso, apenas 47,2% dos casos estavam em aleitamento materno exclusivo antes do encaminhamento ao programa. Em relação aos motivos da introdução das fórmulas infantis, a complementação ao leite materno foi o mais presente (75,8%), seguido da volta da mãe ao mercado de trabalho (20,1%). As taxas gerais de inadequação dentre os prescritos foram de 65% antes da chegada ao programa, passando para 69% (fórmulas padrão) e 80% (fórmulas para fins especiais) durante o acompanhamento. Conclusão: A baixa taxa de aleitamento materno exclusivo e a prescrição indiscriminada de fórmulas infantis são preocupantes por causar prejuízos à saúde maternoinfantil e financeira do Sistema Único de Saúde.

Deficiencias en la labor clínica relacionada con la alimentación infantil / Clinical deficiencies in infant feeding

Resumen Se analiza la forma como se llevan a cabo dos procesos clínicos relacionados con la alimentación infantil en las consultas médicas de niños menores de seis meses atendidos en un centro de salud de la Ciudad de México. El primero se refiere a la medición antropométrica de los infantes y el segundo, a la identificación de las modalidades alimentarias. Se requieren acciones correctivas en función de la calidad en la atención a la salud infantil en el sector público.

Abstract The way in which two clinical procedures related to infant feeding are carried out in medical consultations for children younger than six months in a health center in Mexico City is analyzed. The first one refers to infants' anthropometric measurement, and the second, to feeding modalities' identification. Corrective actions are required based on the quality of children's health care in the public sector.

Obesidad en lactantes: efecto protector de la lactancia materna versus fórmulas lácteas / Childhood obesity: the benefits of breastfeeding versus formula feeding

El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar el posible efecto protector de la lactancia materna respecto a la obesidad infantil versus fórmulas lácteas. Se consultaron las bases de datos PubMed, Web of Science y Scielo, considerándose los artículos más actualizados sobre el tema. La evidencia analizada señala que los menores alimentados con lactancia materna exclusiva reportan bajos niveles de sobrepeso y obesidad, a diferencia de los alimentados con fórmulas lácteas infantiles. Se concluye que la lactancia materna exclusiva, hasta el sexto mes de vida del lactante, y complementada con alimentación solida (no láctea) hasta los dos o más años, es recomendada y podría proteger contra la obesidad infantil y sus comorbilidades asociadas en la vida adulta.

The aim was to review the evidence supporting the possible health benefits for obesity of breastfeeding versus formula feeding in infants. The search for studies addressing this topic was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and Scielo databases. "Breastfeeding", "formula feeding" and "obesity" were the keywords used in the search. Only studies with a full version of the manuscript were included. The evidence analyzed indicated that children fed exclusively through breastfeeding reported low levels of overweight and obesity in comparison to those fed by infant milk formulas. To conclude, exclusive breastfeeding until the sixth month of life, and supplementation with solid (non-dairy) food until two years and more, is the gold standard and could protect against childhood obesity and its associated comorbidities in adult life.

Illegal commercial promotion of products competing with breastfeeding / Promoção comercial ilegal de produtos que competem com o aleitamento materno

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess if the commercialization of infant formulas, baby bottles, bottle nipples, pacifiers and nipple protectors is performed in compliance with the Norma Brasileira de Comercialização de Alimentos para Lactentes e Crianças de Primeira Infância e de Produtos de Puericultura Correlatos (NBCAL - Brazilian Code of Marketing of Infant and Toddlers Food and Childcare-related products). The commercial promotion of these products is prohibited by the Law 11,265. METHOD Cross-sectional study conducted in 2017 through a census of all pharmacies, supermarkets and department stores that sold products covered by NBCAL in the South Zone of Rio de Janeiro. Health professionals trained at NBCAL used structured electronic form for direct observation of establishments and for interviews with their managers. We created indicators to evaluate commercial practices and performed descriptive analyses. RESULTS A total of 352 commercial establishments were evaluated: 240 pharmacies, 88 supermarkets and 24 department stores, of which 88% sold products whose promotion is prohibited by NBCAL. Illegal commercial promotions were found in 20.3% of the establishments that sold the products we investigated: 52 pharmacies (21.9%), four supermarkets (7.5%) and seven department stores (33.3%). The most frequent commercial promotion strategies were discounts (13.2%) and special exposures (9.3%). The products with the highest prevalence of infractions of NBCAL were infant formulas (16.0%). We interviewed 309 managers of commercial establishments; 50.8% reported unfamiliarity with the law. More than three-quarters of the managers reported having been visited at the establishments by commercial representatives of companies that produce infant formulas. CONCLUSION More than a fifth of commercial establishments promoted infant formulas, baby bottles and nipples, although this practice has been banned in Brazil for thirty years. We think it is necessary to train those managers. Government agencies must monitor commercial establishments in order to inhibit strategies of persuasion and induction to sales of these products, ensuring mothers' autonomy in the decision on the feeding of their children.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar se a comercialização de fórmulas infantis, mamadeiras, bicos, chupetas e protetores de mamilo é realizada em cumprimento com a Norma Brasileira de Comercialização de Alimentos para Lactentes e Crianças de Primeira Infância e de Produtos de Puericultura Correlatos (NBCAL). A promoção comercial desses produtos é proibida pela Lei 11.265. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal conduzido em 2017 por meio de um censo de todas as farmácias, supermercados e lojas de departamento que comercializavam produtos abrangidos pela NBCAL na Zona Sul do Rio de Janeiro. Profissionais de saúde capacitados na NBCAL utilizaram formulário eletrônico estruturado para observação direta dos estabelecimentos e para entrevista com seus responsáveis. Foram criados seis indicadores de avaliação das práticas comerciais e realizadas análises descritivas. RESULTADOS Foram avaliados 352 estabelecimentos comerciais: 240 farmácias, 88 supermercados e 24 lojas de departamento, dos quais 88% comercializavam produtos cuja promoção é proibida pela NBCAL. Foram encontradas promoções comerciais ilegais em 20,3% daqueles que comercializavam os produtos investigados: 52 farmácias (21,9%), quatro supermercados (7,5%) e sete lojas de departamento (33,3%). As estratégias de promoção comercial mais frequentes foram os descontos (13,2%) e as exposições especiais (9,3%). Os produtos com maior prevalência de infrações à NBCAL foram as fórmulas infantis (16,0%). Foram entrevistados 309 responsáveis por estabelecimentos comerciais, 50,8% relatando não conhecer a lei. Mais de três quartos dos responsáveis relataram receber visitas nos estabelecimentos de representantes comerciais de empresas fabricantes de fórmulas infantis. CONCLUSÃO Mais de um quinto dos estabelecimentos comerciais faziam promoção comercial de fórmulas infantis para lactentes, mamadeiras e bicos, apesar de essa prática ser proibida no Brasil há trinta anos. É necessária a capacitação dos seus responsáveis. Os órgãos governamentais devem realizar fiscalização dos estabelecimentos comerciais para coibir estratégias de persuasão e indução à vendas desses produtos, garantindo às mães autonomia na decisão sobre a alimentação de seus filhos.

Compliance of infant formula promotion on websites of Brazilian manufacturers and drugstores

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To verify the compliance with Law No. 11,265/2006 in the promotion strategies for infant formula in Brazilian websites of manufacturers and drugstore networks. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2017. We analyzed the compliance to attributes of the Law No.11,265/2006 (Law for Marketing of Foods for Infants and Toddlers, Feeding Bottles, Teats and Pacifiers) in five websites of infant formula manufacturers and nine websites of drugstore networks. The main attributes assessed were: the presence of drawings or representations of children, the presence of warning statements displayed in conspicuous and prominent spaces informing if products are intended for infants aged under or over 6 months, the adequate display of infant formulas/similar products, and the presence of pop-ups with other infant formulas or links to websites for children's products. All compliances and non compliances verified were described in absolute and relative frequencies. RESULTS We verified that 80% of the websites of infant formula manufacturers displayed advertisements for other children's food products. The main non compliance in infant formula manufacturer's websites was the absence of warning statements about products intended for infants over 6 months of age. Only 33% of the drugstores' websites complied with Law No. 11,265/2006. The main non compliances in these websites were the absence of warning statements on products intended for infants over 6 months of age (100%), the presence of pop-up advertisements for other infant foods (77%) and the presence of advertisements for other children's food products (92%). CONCLUSION We identified non compliances with the Law No. 11,256/2006 in almost all websites of infant formula manufacturers and in all the websites of drugstore networks. Most promotion strategies were found at drugstore websites, which are the main channels for online sales.

Situación de las prácticas de lactancia materna y alimentación complementaria en México: resultados de la Ensanut 2018-19 / Breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices in Mexico: results from Ensanut 2018-19

Resumen Objetivo . Actualizar prevalencias de indicadores de prácticas de lactancia materna y alimentación complementaria (PLMAC) en menores de 24 meses en México. Material y métodos. Análisis de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut 2018-19) con diseño probabilístico. Población: Mujeres 12-59 años y sus hijos <24 meses. Cálculo de indicadores propuestos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) por variables sociodemográficas utilizando el diseño muestral. Se usó la prueba de Wald para comparar entre categorías. Resultados. El 28.3% de los niños <6 meses recibió lactancia materna exclusiva (LME), 42.9% de los niños <12 meses consumió fórmula infantil y 29% continuó lactando a los dos años. Sólo 49.4% de los niños de 6-11 meses consumió alimentos ricos en hierro. Conclusiones: Existen mejoras en las prácticas de lactancia materna, aunque las cifras siguen siendo bajas. Se requiere de la contribución de todos los sectores de la sociedad para mejorar las prácticas de alimentación infantil.

Abstract: Objective. To update the prevalence of infant and young child feeding indicators (IYCFI) in children under 24 months in Mexico. Materials and methods: Ensanut 2018-19 national representative survey with probabilistic design. Population: Women 12-59 years and their children <24 months. The indicators proposed by the World Health Organization were assessed by sociodemographic variables of the mothers using the sample design. Wald's test was used to compare between categories. Results: The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in children under six months was 28.3%, 42.9% of children under 12 months consumed infant formula and 29% continued breastfeeding at two years. Around 30% of children between 6 and 11 months did not meet the recommended minimum dietary diversity and only 49.4% consumed iron-rich foods. Conclusions: There are improvements in breastfeeding practices in Mexico, although the figures are low. The coordinated contribution from all sectors of society is required to improve infant feeding practices.

Relationship between Breastfeeding, Birth History, and Acute Pyelonephritis in Infants

BACKGROUND: Although the clinical importance of the immunological benefits of breastfeeding has been emphasized for decades, their direct relationship with acute pyelonephritis (APN) is still not clear. Our goal was to determine whether breastfeeding truly provides protection against APNs, while investigating the effects of other factors such as sex, age, mode of delivery, and birth weight on APN.METHODS: A total of 62 infants under 6 months of age who had both microbiologically and radiologically-confirmed APN were enrolled in the case group. Healthy infants (n = 178) who visited the hospital for scheduled vaccinations were enrolled in the control group. The following participant characteristics were compared between the case and control groups: age, sex, birth order among siblings, feeding methods, weight percentile by month, birth weight percentile by gestational age, gestational age at birth, and mode of delivery.RESULTS: Babies exclusively fed with manufactured infant formulae before 6 months of age had significantly higher risk for APN than breastfed or mixed-fed infants (odds ratio [OR], 3.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.687–7.031; P = 0.001). Firstborn babies had lower risk for APN than 2nd- or 3rd-born babies (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.210–0.919). Other factors that increased the risk for APN were low birth weight percentiles (OR, 8.33; 95% CI, 2.300–30.166) and birth via caesarean section (OR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.097–4.887). There were more preterm births in the case group (10.9% vs. 1.7%; P = 0.002), but this did not increase the risk for APN (OR, 4.47; P = 0.063).CONCLUSION: Feeding exclusively with formula before 6 months of age was related to higher risk for APN, which demonstrates that breastfeeding has a protective effect against APN. The other risk factors for APN were birth order (≥ 2nd-born), low birth weight, and birth via caesarean section.

Prebiotics in the Infant Microbiome: The Past, Present, and Future / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

A microbiota intestinal e sua interface com o sistema imunológico / Gut microbiota and its interface with the immune system

A microbiota intestinal humana influencia diversos sistemas orgânicos e há evidências de sua ação sobre o sistema imunológico. O objetivo desta revisão foi verificar a influência da microbiota intestinal humana e sua interface com o sistema imunológico. A partir das palavras-chaves gut (intestino) e microbiota (microbiota), e utilizando o operador boleano AND para correlacionar a palavra-chave com os diversos temas propostos para o artigo de revisão, como por exemplo, gut microbiota AND delivery ou gut microbiota AND mode of delivery, foram selecionados artigos obtidos da busca na base PubMed, sobretudo nos últimos 10 anos (2009-2019). Há evidências de que a janela de oportunidade para intervenção e prevenção primária das doenças alérgicas começa antes do nascimento e provavelmente dentro do período fetal, estendendo-se ao tipo de parto, alimentação nos primeiros meses de vida, fatores ambientais e uso de antibióticos. Compreender esta complexa interface que envolve, por um lado a microbiota (microrganismos e seus subprodutos) e, por outro, receptores e células especializadas, é fundamental para o entendimento dos mecanismos de tolerância ou desequilíbrio imunológico, os quais estão respectivamente ligados ao estado fisiológico de saúde ou aos processos patofisiológicos de diversas doenças, sobretudo aquelas de contexto imunomediado.

The human gut microbiota influences various organ systems, and there is evidence of its action on the immune system. The aim of this review was to determine the influence of the human gut microbiota and its interface with the immune system. The PubMed database was searched for articles published from 2009 to 2019 using the keywords "gut" and "microbiota". The Boolean operator AND was used to combine terms in the search, such as "gut microbiota AND delivery" and "gut microbiota AND mode of delivery". There is evidence that the window of opportunity for intervention and primary prevention of allergic diseases begins before birth, probably within the fetal period, and includes mode of delivery, early infant feeding, environmental factors, and antibiotic use. Understanding the complex interface that involves, on the one hand, the microbiota (microorganisms and their by-products) and, on the other hand, specialized receptors and cells is essential for understanding the mechanisms of tolerance and immune imbalance, which are respectively linked to the physiological health status and to the pathophysiological processes of various diseases, especially of immune-mediated diseases.